Electronic Components - Active and Passive components

               ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 

The word electronic is derived from electron which is present in all materials. ''The branch of science and  engineering which deals with the flow of electrons through vacuum or gas or semiconductor is known as electronics.

 All the electronic circuit contain a few basic components such as resistor, capacitor, induct-or, tube device and semiconductor device. The first three resistance, capacitance and induct-or are called passive components. Where as the remaining two components tube device and semiconductor device are called the active component.

PASSIVE COMPONENTS

The electronic components which are not capable of amplifying or processing an electrical signal are called passive components such as resistor, capacitor and induct-or.

RESISTOR:-

The ability of a resistor to oppose the current is called resistor. The unit of resistor R is ohm for which the symbol is Greek capital letter Omega.

TYPES OF RESISTOR

The resistor are classified as Fixed resistor and variable resistor.

Fixed resistor:-the resistor which have fixed value of resistance are called fixed resistor. These resistor may be carbon-composition resistor or wire-wound resistor.

Variable resistor:- The resistor which have varies or vary of value or change in value of resistance are called variable resistance.

Resistor color coding:-

This table is used to resistor color code

CAPACITOR:-

The two conducting plates separated by an insulating materials[called dielectric] form a capacitor. The basic purpose of capacitor is store electric charge per unit potential difference is called capacitance. The unit of capacitor is micro-farad or pico-farads.

TYPES OF CAPACITOR

Some of the most commonly used capacitor are paper, mica, ceramic and electrolytic and air. Like also either be fixed or variable type.

1. Paper Capacitor:-

The construction of these capacitor two metal [aluminium or tin] foils separated by paper impregnated with a dielectric materials such as wax, plastic, or oil are rolled into a compact cylinder. Connecting leads are attached to the two metal plates show in the fig...

2. Mica Capacitor:-

These capacitor consist of alternating thin sheet of metal [aluminium or tin] foils separated by thin mica sheet as shown in figure Alternate metal sheet are connected together and brought out as one terminal for one set of plates, While the opposite terminals connects to the other set of plates.

3. Ceramic Capacitor:-

The ceramic capacitor is a dielectric material made from earth fired under extreme heat. In this disc type, a ceramic disc is coated on two sides with a metal [silver or copper]. Tinned copper wire leads are attached to each coating which act as electrodes or plates as shown in figure...

4. Electrolytic Capacitor:-

  An electrolytic capacitor contain two aluminium electrodes as shown in figure between two electrodes . These capacitor are commonly used in situation where a large capacitance is required, these capacitor are used in the filter section of d.c power supplies and transistor circuits.

INDUCT-OR

The electronic component which oppose the change of current in circuit is called induct-or. The ability of the coil and induct-or due to which it oppose the change of current flowing through it is known as inductance. The unit of induct-or is Henry.

TYPES OF INDUCT-OR

The induct-or like resistor and capacitor can be classified broadly as fixed and variable induct-or.

The different types of induct-or are available for different application and are briefly described below:

1. Filter Choke:-A filter choke is an induct-or used in the filter section of a d.c power supply. It blocks the a.c signals and allow the d.c signals to pass through it.

2. Radio-Frequency Chokes:- A typical air-core radio-frequency induct-or is shown with its schematic symbol in figure these is smaller in size as compared to filter chokes.

Variable induct-or

Variable induct-or or coils are used in tuning circuit for radio frequency. The winding is placed over a fiber or ceramic former and to change the inductance, a fer-rite core is employed as shown in figure..

ACTIVE COMPONENTS

The electronic components which are capable of amplifying or processing an electrical signal are called active components such as vacuum tubes, gas tubes and semiconductors device. 

1. Tube devices 

VACUUM TUBES:-

1. Vacuum diode:- It is used as rectifier and detector. Its symbol is shown in figure...

2. Vacuum triode:- It is used as amplifier and oscillator. Its symbol is shown in figure...

3. Vacuum pentode :- It is used as amplifier and oscillator. Its symbol is shown in fig....

GAS TUBES

1. Gas diode:- It is used as voltage regulator and in neon signs. Its symbol is shown in figure..

2. Thyratron:- It is used as controlled rectifier. Its symbol is shown in figure .....

 2. Semiconductor device:-

1. Junction diode:- It is used as rectifier, detector and in switching circuit. Its symbol is shown in fig...

2. Zener diode:- It is used as voltage regulator its symbol shown in fig...

3. Light emitting diode[LED]:- It emits visible light and is used in instrument displays, digital watches, calculator etc. Its symbol is shown in fig....

4. Transistor [BJT] :- It is used as amplifier and oscillator. The symbol of npn and pnp transistor is shown in fig....

5. Field effect transistor [FET] :- It is used as amplifier and oscillator. the symbol of n-channel and p-channel FET is shown in figure....

   

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